Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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Research Paper

Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran Q1

Zahra Sadeghi a, Kimia Kouhestani a, Vahide Abdollahi a, Adeel Mahmood b,n a

Department of Production and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, High Educational Complex of Saravan,

Q3 Saravan, PO Box 9951634145, Baluchistan, Iran b Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan

art ic l e i nf o Article history: Received 11 October 2013 Received in revised form 8 January 2014 Accepted 10 January 2014 Keywords: Ethnopharmacology Informant consensus factor Use value Saravan Iran

a b s t r a c t Q6 Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study was aimed to explore the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant species of Baluch tribes in Saravan region, Baluchistan province, Iran. Material and methods: Rapid appraisal approach along with the semi-structured open ended questionnaire, interviews and personal observations were used to collect the indigenous medicinal information. Quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV) was performed to evaluate the valued medicinal plants. Results and discussion: A total 64 medicinal plants belonging to 30 families were reported from the study area. Among families, Lamiaceae dominated over other families and leaves dominated with 31% over other plant parts used as herbal remedies. Rhazya stricta and Datura stamonium (0.35) attributed the higher UV, followed by Otostegia persica (0.33) and Teucrium polium (0.32). Results of the ICF showed that cold/ﬂu/fever (0.71) and blood disorders (0.57) were the most common diseases of the study area. Conclusion: The use value and informant consensus factor substantiated that the relative importance of plant species and sharing knowledge of herbal therapies between different tribal communities of this area is still rich. & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Indigenous knowledge of plant species is the result of human interaction and selection of the most desirable, powerful and successful plant species found in the instantaneous environment at a speciﬁc time period. Use of medicinal plants dates back to the start of human well-being (Venkataswamy et al., 2010; Lulekal et al., 2013). Investigations on indigenous knowledge, therapeutic usage and resource management of plants is crucial as, it emphasize the value of these cultures and contributions to the selfsufﬁciency of these populations (Hamilton et al., 2003; Pareek and Trivedi, 2011; Amiri et al., 2012; Baptista et al., 2013). Ethnobotanical survey is helpful in preservation of traditional knowledge for future generation and other communities (Idolo et al., 2010; Mahmood et al., 2011). Iran has admirable past regarding to traditional medicines, especially based on medicinal plants. History of indigenous medicines dates back to the time of the Babylonian–Assyrian civilization.

Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 92 333 5805776. E-mail address: [emailprotected] (A. Mahmood).

A substantial ancient heritage is a sophisticated experience of people who have tried over millennia to ﬁnd useful plants for health improvement, each generation donating their experience to this tradition (Naghibi et al., 2005). This country has a diversiﬁed environment and its ﬂora contains about 8000 species, dominated in the region near to East and South West Asia. Presently, rather than the availability of a wide range of modern medicines, still a worthy proportion of rural community relies on herbal/indigenous medicines (Bagheri and Reghan, 1994). Local communities from different parts of Iran have developed a sound ethnomedicinal knowledge and the major contributions were made by Baluch tribes of Baluchistan province (Mosaddegh et al., 2012). This knowledge is Q4 in danger as Baluch tribes are assimilating the modern lifestyles. Thus, the documentation and preservation of medicinal plants with valuable indigenous uses by tribal inhabitants of Baluchistan province is deadly needed. This research survey was aimed to collect and document the indigenous medicinal information with emphasis on therapeutic uses of plants by tribal community and local healers of the study area. The results would be helpful for scientiﬁc and local communities with respect to the local or modern health care system. Recently few reports have been published in Pakistan on the ethnomedicinal information of plants practices

Please cite this article as: Sadeghi, Z., et al., Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.007i

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Z. Sadeghi et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

in different communities (Mahmood et al., 2011, 2012, 2013a,b). To the best of our knowledge this is the ﬁrst study to report the indigenous medicinal knowledge of Saravan region, Baluchistan province, Iran.

2. Methodology 2.1. Study area Saravan is located in the south-east of Baluchistan province lying at 62 170 5.38″ to 621220 2.56″ longitude and 271200 14.53″ to 271240 28.26″ latitude at an elevation 1000–1500 m above sea Q5 level (Hafezi moghdas et al., 2009, Hafezi-moghadas et al., 2010) (Fig. 1). It shares international border with Pakistan at east and south. District Khash is located at north and district Sib and Soran allocated at west of Saravan. Siahan is the longest mountain chain that located at east of the study area; started from Taftan Mountain and continue to Nahook touching Pakistan territory while Beark mountain chain resides in the west of this region. Mashkik River in Saravan, originates from the southern hillside near to Khash. The weather is hot with an average rainfall of 100 mm per annum (http://www.sbportal.ir/fa/sistan/cityinforma tion/saravan). 2.2. Data collection and plants identiﬁcation

healers, medicinal plant vendors and people with sound medicinal knowledge were focused to collect the information. The local language of the study area was Balochi and Persian. Miss Zahra Sadeghi was aware with the local languages of the study area which permits the accuracy in data recordings. A list of important medicinal and endemic plant species was used during data collection. Information on vernacular names, medicinal application, herbal part(s) as pharmacological agent and mode of administration were recorded and presented with details in Table 2. Plants were collected, conserved as herbarium specimens and submitted in the Herbarium of High Education Complex of Saravan for future correspondence.

2.3. Data analysis The data was analysed through different quantitative techniques for this purpose different approaches are considered for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of ethnobotanical data. These approaches depend on the objectives of researcher, nature of the study and aim at objective evaluation of the reliability of the conclusions based on the data (Hoft et al., 1999). The indigenous medicinal information of plant species was analysed using two Table 1 Sex and age character of people interviewed in the study are. Informants

Data was collected during September 2010–May 2013 from three districts of Saravan. Rapid appraisal approach with open ended interview and questionnaire technique was adopted to record the ethnomedicinal information from the native people of the study area. A total of 265 informants were interviewed over the visited area (Table 1), for all informants genders, age, profession and their background information were recorded. Traditional

Male Female Local healers

Age group (Years) o 40

440

42 23 9

101 63 27

Total interviews

Total interviewed persons

143 86 36 265

Fig. 1. Location map of Iran showing the Baluchistan province and Saravan (study area).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Plant species

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Pictacia atlantica Desf Apiaceae Carum carvi L. Dorema ammoniacum D. Don—Dorema aureum Stocks Carum copticum (L,) C. B. Clarke Ferula assa-foetida L. Foeniculum vulgare. Mill Pycnocycla aucherana Decne. Ex. Boiss Pimpinella anisum L. Apocynaceae Nerium indicum Miller Rhazya stricta Decne

Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Willd) R. Br. Caralluma edulis Edgew. Asteraceae Artemisia sieberi Besser. Cousinia stocksii C. Winkler Grantia aucheri Boiss Achillea millefulium L. Artemisia vulgaris L. Pulicaria andulata L. Brassicaceae Alyssum desertorum L. Descurainia sophia L. Chenopodiaceae Salsola. tragus L.

Voucher number

Vernacular name

Plant parts used

Preparations

Medicinal uses

Mode of UVa FCb Nc application

SCH-100 SCH-101

Anbe Kasor, Goangak

Fruit leaf, seed Fruit gum, oil

Powder, decoction Juice, oil

Hemorrhoids, constipation sexual problems, vermicide Gynecological infections, bone and joint pains

Oral 0.17 4 Oral topical 0.18 3

57 37

SCH-102

Goan

Fruit, gum, oil

Liniment

Digestive problems blood puriﬁcation- bone and joint pains, toothache, wound, skin whiting

Topical

0.19 6

SCH-103 SCH-104

Zire Hoshtarak, Oshtork

Fruit Gum

Decoction Decoction, cataplasm

Digestive problems, diuretic, asthma Scorch, foot pain, stomachache, abortion, fever, skin infections, burn

Oral Oral

0.17 3 0.11 4

41 36

SCH-105

Ezbootk

Fruit

Decoction, powder

Oral

0.13 7

SCH-106 SCH-107

Peterk Raz

Leaf, gum, resin Leaf fruit

Powder,oil drop Infusion

Cough, stomachache, hyperlipidemia, blood attenuate, periodic cramps, vermicide, gynecological disease, fever Tooth worms, vermicide, insect repellent, wound healing, ear ache, infections Menstruation additive, lactiferous,cough, asthma, nerve tonic, digestion

Topical Oral

0.10 6 0.13 6

59 45

SCH-108

Sak dandan

Root

Tooth brush cataplasm, decoction

Tooth mass, Sedative of snake scorpion and insect bite, urinary stone

Oral topical 0.18 1

SCH-109

Raz

Fruit

Decoction

Lactiferous, carminative menstruation additive

Oral

0.13 3

SCH-110

Kharze, Jour

Leaf, bark

Skin problems, anti pest, rheumatism, Anti leg tumult

Oral

0.28 4

SCH-111

Eshoark, harishak Leaf, stem bark

Moisturized in water, decoction Decoction, cataplasm

SCH-112

Cark

SCH-113

Marmortk

Leaf latex, stem, natal organ of ﬂower, bark, root Stem

SCH-114

Derana

Aerial parts

SCH-115

Polosh

Gum, roots

SCH-116

Golmorak, gole mir Boodko

Leaf, ﬂower, aerial part Aerial parts

SCH-118 SCH-119

Berenjasf Bomadarane balochi, Derana

SCH-121

Antidote, bone pain, rheumatism, joint pain, toothache, eye diseases, diabetes, wound Oral topical 0.35 19 healing, cough, asthma, hyperlipidemia, digestive problems hypertension, sterility treatment, antipyretic

Cataplasm, paste

Antidote, asthma, rheumatism, skin disease, anti-inﬂammation, remove bur from skin, Oral topical 0.15 8 wound healing

Decoction, powder

Diabetes, stomachache, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, infection wound

0.14 5

Decoction, moisturized in water, soap Powder, juice

Digestive problems, sedative, antipyretic, nauseous, diabetes, hypertension, abdominal Oral topical 0.10 6 pains diarrhea Dropsy, diarrhea, diuretic, antiseptic Oral 0.12 5

61 40

Decoction, cataplasm

Scorpion and snake bite, stomach ulcers

Oral topical 0.15 1

Moisturized in water, infusion Abdominal pains, diabetes, anemia, child fever

Oral

0.17 4

Leaf, ﬂower Flower, leaf, capillary stem

Infusion, decoction Decoction

Digestive problems, sedative, addiction treatment, diabetes, sterility, hyperlipidemia Child poisoning, vertigo, nausea, skin problems, foot pain, menstruation additive

Oral Topical

0.12 6 0.15 8

49 55

Totari

Seed

Wounds, joint pains, cold, coughs

Oral

SCH-122

Hakshir

Seed

Cataplasm, moisturized in water Seeds taken with saffron and cow milk, seeds eaten with water and sugar

Measles, constipation, stomachache and skin rash

Oral topical 0.18 4

SCH-163

Ghasol

Aerial part

Decoction

Washing of body and clothing

Topical

SCH-117

Oral

0.13 1

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Table 2 Indigenous medicinal knowledge of plants from study area.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 4

Voucher number

Vernacular name

Plant parts used

Preparations

Medicinal uses

Mode of UVa FCb Nc application

SCH-123

Gelgelango, kalgoshtak, gonj, Pahir, hanzal

Fruit, seed

Powder, cataplasm, decoction

Diabetes, purgative, sedative, joint pain, toothache, kidney pain, addiction treatment, melancholy, leprosy, rheumatism, epilepsy

Oral

0.23 14

SCH-124

Gorbego

Latex

Cataplasm

Warts

Topical

0.16 1

SCH-125

Gonjet

Resin, root stem

Cataplasm

Headache, fracture, joint pain, tooth brush, antiseptic

Topical

0.17 4

SCH-126

Nadak,

Aerial parts

Infusion

Respiratory track infection

Oral

0.14 1

SCH-127 SCH-128

Leaf Leaf root

Decoction Infusion

43 32

Leaf root, ﬂower

Decoction

Appetizing, spasm, diuretic scorpion and snake bite, sedative, allergy, Hiccup, digestion appetizing, child squirt, heat of body, scabies, aromatic vegetable, Oral Chew kidney stone Hair tonic, strengthening gums, dental cleaning and brightness, prevention of hair loss Topical

0.12 5 0.19 6

SCH-129

Semsook Podena, porcheng Golder

0.13 5

SCH-130

Golder

Leaf ﬂower

Decoction cataplasm

0.33 19

Salvia reuterana L.

SCH-131

Moor, morpojo

Decoction, powder

Salvia macilenta L. Teucrium polium L.

SCH-132 SCH-133

Dan chemmi Kalpurak

Leaf, Flowering branch Seed Flowering branches

Extract Decoction, powder

Thymus vulgaris L. Liliaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L.

SCH-134

Ezgend

Aerial parts

SCH-135

Orvekharze

SCH-136

Plant species

Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia. buhsei L Fabaceae Astragalus ammodendron L. Gramineae Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss.) Lamiaceae Melissa ofﬁcinalis L. Mentha sylvestris L Menta pulegium L. Otostegia aucheri Boiss. Otostegia persica. (Burm.) Boiss.

Malvaceae Althaea ofﬁcinalis L. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malva sylvesteris L. Menispermaceae Cocculus pendulus (J.R.&G. Forst.) Diels Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia elegans Choisy

Diabetes, rheumatism, cardiac distress, reducing palpitation, hypertension, laxative, carminative, antipyretic, cold, hyperlipidemia, gastric discomfort, parasite repellent, sedative, headache, addiction treatment, Digestive problems, toothache, cold, sedative, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension

Oral

Oral topical 0.15 7

Topical 0.16 1 Oral topical 0.32 20

17 62

Decoction, infusion

Eye problems Antipyretic, insect, snake and scorpion bite, wound healing, stomachache, abdominal pain, ﬂatulency, emesis, stomach acidiﬁcation, hypertension, sedative, toothache, diabetes, hyperlipidemia Cold, antibiotic, adult squirt, bee bite, asthma, fatigue

Oral topical 0.18 5

Leaf

Powder, extract

Laxative, diabetes, skin problems (burns, fungal attacks, wounds),

Oral

0.19 3

Barz

Seed

Cataplasm, moisturized in water

Coughs, cold, bronchitis infected blotch

Oral

–

SCH-137

Hanna

Leaf

Cataplasm, moisturized in water

Hair tonic, body heat, eye wound, skin disease, foot pain, anti- tumult, hypertension

Oral topical 0.12 7

SCH-138 SCH-139 SCH-140

Hatmi Chaii torsh Panirak

Flower Flower Flower, leaf

Moisturized In water Infusion Infusion decoction cataplasm

Jaundice, heat of body, infected blotch Hypertension, hyperlipidemia Chest diseases, cough sore throat, skin problems

Oral 0.19 4 Oral 0.10 2 Oral topical 0.17 3

46 20 46

SCH-141

Zammor

Leaf, root, bark

Cataplasm, decoction

Arthritis, rheumatism, sedative, pertussis, eye diseases, digestive diseases, malaria fever

Oral

0.14 6

SCH-142

Calatous

Leaf

Inhalation of vapors, infusion

Inﬂuenza, cold, respiratory ailments, disinfectants, hemorrhage

Oral

0.12 6

SCH-143

Sourhmard

Flower, thin branch

Infusion

Body pain, fatigue and general weakness dysmenorrhea, urinary tract infection, intestinal infections, inﬂammation, blood puriﬁer, young aerial parts as edible for abdominal pains, anemia, malaria

Oral

0.28 7

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Table 2 (continued )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Poaceae Zea mays L. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Rosaceae Cotoneaster numularia Fisch. and C. A. Mey. Rubiaceae Gaillonia aucheri Jaub. and Spach Rutaceae Ruta graveolens L. Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dun Umbelliferae Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss Verbenaceae Vitex pseudoNegundo (Hausskn.) Hand.- Mzt. Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L. Tribulus terresteris L Zugophyllum eurypterum Boiss. and Buhse a b c

SCH-144

Hat

Leaf

Infusion

Diabetes, fatigue, sedative

Oral

0.10 3

SCH-145

Daz

Pulp

Paste, pulp

Hyperlipidemia, ulcer

Oral

0.16 3

SCH-164

Horma

Fruit, seed

Decoction, juice

Kidney stones, anemia, cancer

Oral

0.19 3

SCH-146

Kognal

Latex

Cataplasm

Antidote, diabetes, sedative, narcotic

Oral topical 0.17 3

SCH-147

Sareng, Sateng

Leaf, stem

Decoction, infusion

Kidney diseases, eye diseases, urinary infection

Oral topical 0.17 3

SCH-148

Danichk

Seed

Moisturized in water, cataplasm, jelly

Digestive problems, hair tonic, constipation, eye problems, cold, skin problems

Oral topical 0.10 6

SCH-149

Zorrat

Fruit

Infusion

Infection of urinary system, heart tonic, kidney stones

Oral

0.10 4

SCH-150

Khorfeh

Seed, leaf

Extract, powder

Migraine, anti-thirst, burns, leg spile

Oral

0.15 4

SCH-151

Siadon

Seed

Mixed with honey, infusion

Asthma, digestive problems, diarrhea, hypertension, earache, diabetes

Oral topical 0.15 6

SCH-152

Sedr, Konar

Fruit, leaf

Extract, juice

Skin problems, hair tonic, throat protuberance

Oral topical 0.19 3

SCH-153

Shirhesht

Manna

Infusion

Jaundice, cough, constipation, emetic, diuretic

Oral topical 0.14 5

SCH-154

Kartoos

Flower

Decoction

Carminative, diarrhea

Oral

0.14 1

SCH-155

Sadab

Leaf, seed

Decoction, bath, washing after digestive problems, bone healing, antipyretic boiling

Oral topical 0.12 6

SCH-156

Dathora, daptore

Eye problems, asthma, narcotic, nerve sedative, rheumatism pain, swollen joint, scorpion bite, hair color Diabetes, stomachache, medicinal cheese making, eye disease, rheumatism, abortion, diarrhea, addiction treatment, heart tonic

Boozidan

Infusion, cataplasm, moisturized in water Pill, decoction

Oral topical 0.35 9

SCH-157

Green stem, leaf, seed, fruit Leaf, root, seed

Oral topical 0.17 10

SCH-158

Goatk

Aerial parts

Decoction

Appetizing carminative, yogurt ﬂavor, bone pains

Oral topical 0.11 4

SCH-159

Hale jor

Stem, leaf

Decoction

Eye pain, blood pressure, abort, menstruation additive, sedative after throe

Oral topical 0.19 5

SCH-160

Espantan

Fruit, leaf z

Diabetes, antiseptic, wound healing

Oral

0.17 4

SCH-161 SCH-162

Kharkhasak Goamich

Fruit, root, leaf Leaf

Cataplasm, powder and moisturized in water Decoction Extract

Fortifying, appetizing febrifuge, urinary duct inﬂammation Joint pains, fever

Oral Topical

0.15 2 0.09 1

29 19

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Oleaceae Olea ferruginea Royle Palmaceae Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch Phoenix Dactylifera L. Papaveraceae Papaver samniferum L. Papilionaceae Astragalus tribuloides Kotschy ex Bunge Plantaginaceae Plantago ovate L.

Use value. Frequency of citation. Total number of informants interviewed for a given plant species. 5

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different techniques: use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (ICF). 2.3.1. Use-value (UV) The UV, a quantitative method to determine the relative importance of indigenous plant species was calculated by using the following formula; UV ¼ ∑Ui=n where, UV represents the use value of a species; Ui represents the number of uses mentioned by each informant for a given species; n is the total number of informants interviewed for a given species (Phillips and Gentry., 1993). 2.3.2. Informants consensus factor (ICF) Informant consensus factor (ICF) was employed to indicate the homogeneity of information. All the citations were placed into ailment categories for which the plant was claimed to be used. The ICF is calculated as in the following formula: ICF ¼ Nur Nt=Nur 1 where ‘Nur’ is the number of used citations in each category and ‘Nt’ is the number of species used (Trotter and Logan, 1986). 3. Results and discussion Indigenous medicinal knowledge for reported 64 medicinal plants was collected from local inhabitants of the study area, among which 68% male and 32% were females. Among male informants, 65% were elder ( 440), 19% were younger (o40) and 16% were the local healers (herbalists).

plus frequent use of seeds and fruit for preparation of medicines lead to the destructive effects on the growth of plant population in nature. The use of aerial parts and leaves is safe for sustainability of plant communities. The Major risk of medicinal plants is increasing pressure of population and expansion of agricultural patches. Agricultural expansion, cutting of trees for fuel at large scale pooled with seasonal drought is main factors in the reduction of medicinal plant populations reported in other studies (Mahmood et al., 2012).

3.3. Preparation and mode of application Mono-therapeutic preparations are preferably made in the study area for the treatment of ailments; however, DI or tritherapeutic preparations are also practiced commonly. Most of the indigenous medicines are the simple preparation of plant parts, but few are made with little effort by considering more than one plant and different parts of each plant. Decoctions were the most used in preparation of plants made by boiling a speciﬁc part in water up to the half reduction of water volume. Infusion is the soaking of plant part in hot water for overnight or day time. The most common preparation reported by indigenous communities were decoction, infusion, poultice, powder and oil (Table 2). It is noticed a number of herbal preparations are taken with milk or honey; however, water is the dominated supporting agent with herbal medicine. All the herbal preparations are preferred to take orally and oral mode of administration is the dominating over the typical mode of preparation (Mood, 2008; Brandao et al., 2012). Topical mode of administration also accounts a considerable proportion of application.

3.1. Diversity of medicinal plants

3.4. Informant consensus factor and species use value

A total 64 indigenous medicinal plants were reported from 32 different families. Among families Lamiaceae dominated over other families by donating 08 medicinal plant species followed by Apiaceae (07) and Asteraceae (06). Detail about the number of cited plants from the respective plant family is presented in Fig. 2.

Medicinal plants used against different ailments and the treated ailments were categorized into 11 illness groups. These categories were based on understanding of the ethnobotanical data by use of the International Statistical Classiﬁcation of Diseases and Related Health Problems (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992). The Q2 results showed that ICF for Cold/ﬂu/fever (0.71) blood puriﬁer (0.57), musculoskeletal disorders (0.50), sedative/narcotic (0.49) (Table 3). In Saravan digestive problems, musculoskeletal disorders, blood diseases, diabetes, and ﬂu/fever are the most common diseases. On the basis of major health issues, ailments are categorized into different group. ICF values were low (near 0) when plants were chosen randomly or informants do not exchange information about the samples. ICF values were higher (near or more than 1)

3.2. Plant parts used as therapeutic agents Plant parts used for the treatment of various ailments were leaves, stems, roots, bark, milky latex, oil seeds, ﬂowers, and fruits. The leaves were the dominant plant part (31%) among others, followed by seed, fruit (19%), ﬂower (8%), oil, milky latex (6%), aerial part (4%), and bark (1%). The use of root and whole plant

Fig. 2. Number of cited plants from respective plant family.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Table 3 Diseases based categories and ICF. S. no

Category/diseases

Use citation

No. of plant used

Category uses taxon ICF

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Digestive problems Cold/ﬂu/fever Metabolic (Diabetes, diuretic) Sedative, narcotic Emollient Blood puriﬁer Eye problems Respiratory disorders Genitourinary Musculoskeletal disorders Diseases of the nervous system (epilepsy, melancholy, migraine)

61 56 36 38 38 38 15 7 12 19 9

32 17 19 20 30 17 9 8 8 10 7

0.48 0.71 0.49 0.49 0.22 0.57 0.43 — 0.36 0.5 0.25

Fig. 3. Medicinal plants of study area with high use values.

when there was a well-deﬁned selection criterion in the community and/or information were exchanged between informants. Use values for each medicinal plant species was calculated and described in Fig. 3. Rhazya stricta exhibited maximum use value (0.35) among all reported plants followed by the Datura stamonium (0.33), Otostegia persica (0.32) and Teucrium polium (0.32). These plants are used at large scale in the study area and high use value is a threat to the conservation of these valued indigenous plants. Among reported plants, minimal use value was attributed by Zugophyllum euryptterum (0.09), this least UV may be due to the scarce availability of this plant from the study area. Use value is an important tool to select most valued medicinal plants of any region which further may be used for detailed pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants. 3.5. Herbal therapies Medicinal plants reported in Table 2 were used for treatment of more than 25 kinds of diseases. These diseases included cold, ﬂu, fever, bronchitis, jaundice, diabetes, eczema, epilepsy, respiratory, asthma, cardiac problems, Periodic cramps, liver disorders, constipation, rheumatism, bone problems, eye disease, blood ailments, etc. Medicinal plants were also used as sedative, narcotic, intoxicant, antispasmodic, carminative, antiseptic, emetic, tonic, vermifuge, laxative, and diuretic agents. The present study showed that indigenous medicinal knowledge is still alive in Iran and native people of Saravan tend to use medicinal herbs. According to present questionnaire data, 61.4% of people prefer to use herbs instead of chemical drugs. Data analysis showed that most

respondents (51.2%) are willing to purchase herbs from the herbal stores and markets. 41% population of study area prefers to collect medicinal plants from open areas. The ethnobotanical survey in present study allowed us to document the persistency of numerous traditional uses of medicinal plants and most of these methods are still unique. It should be noted that the diversity of medicinal plants in Saravan area which may be resulted from the stresscausing climates revealed the considerable variation in the use of herbs. For example, elder people and healers strongly believe that Tribulus terrestris with tassel and cherry-tail have a high curative effect for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary infections and they practice this remedy to treat this disease in Iran. Withania coagulans and Rhazya stricta are used widely for the treatment of rheumatism. The medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective in the treatment of a speciﬁc disease have higher ICF values. These ﬁndings showed that the main ailments treated by medicinal ﬂora in Saravan are diseases of the digestive systems, Cold, ﬂu, and fever. These types of diseases in some part of this region may be due to poor socioeconomic and sanitary conditions of the people. Medicinal ﬂora in Baluchistan was described by Fakhr-Tabatabaei (2000) who pointed out the ecotonic area of Baluchistan province which has a special periodic climate tension. This study enhanced the medicinal plant diverse areas in this province. Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology are new emerging ﬁelds of research in Iran which are getting more attention from scientiﬁc community (Ghorbani et al., 2006). Several qualitative ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in Iran. However, the research on ethnobotany with quantitative tools is still scare and a few published reports are available in international

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scientiﬁc journals. Quantitative tools used in ethnobotanical studies allow the selection of the most important plants to initiate pharmacological studies (Alonso-Castro et al., 2012). Mosaddegh et al. (2012) reported 138 medicinal plants in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province with quantitative analysis.

4. Conclusion This study presents that the Saravan is a diverse region for indigenous medicinal ﬂora and allied to traditional medicinal therapy in the healthcare system. Quantitative analysis including the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV) was performed to evaluate the valued medicinal plants of the study area. Analysis of the data in terms of use value and informant consensus factor conﬁrmed that the relative importance of species and sharing knowledge of herbal therapies between different tribal communities of this area is rich. From reported indigenous plants; Rhazya stricta, Otostegia aucheri, Cocculus pendulus Cousinia stockii, Boerhavia elegans have been studied previously for pharmacological activities. A number of reported plants in the present study still need devotion to screen for phytochemical investigations. As revealed from the current ﬁndings, it is suggested that there should be launched a comprehensive research project on pharmacological investigations of indigenous medicinal plants reporting the high use values.

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Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. - PDF Download Free (2024)

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